Anaemia. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/anaemia. Cited 2023 Apr 10
Assessing the iron status of populations. report of a joint World Health Organization/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention technical consultation on the assessment of iron status at the population level. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2007.
Mantadakis E. Iron deficiency anemia in children residing in high and low-income countries: risk factors, prevention, diagnosis and therapy. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2020;12(1): e2020041.
Lemoine A, Tounian P. Childhood anemia and iron deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa – risk factors and prevention: a review. Arch Pédiatrie. 2020;27(8):490–6.
Seifu BL, Tesema GA. Individual-and community-level factors associated with anemia among children aged 6–23 months in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from 32 sub-Saharan African countries. Arch Public Health. 2022;80(1):183.
Moschovis PP, Wiens MO, Arlington L, Antsygina O, Hayden D, Dzik W, et al. Individual, maternal and household risk factors for anaemia among young children in sub-Saharan Africa: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8(5): e019654.
Tadesse SE, Zerga AA, Mekonnen TC, Tadesse AW, Hussien FM, Feleke YW, et al. Burden and determinants of anemia among under-five children in Africa: systematic review and meta-analysis. Anemia. 2022;2022:1–9 Toma A, editor.
Tesema GA, Worku MG, Tessema ZT, Teshale AB, Alem AZ, Yeshaw Y, et al. Prevalence and determinants of severity levels of anemia among children aged 6–59 months in sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel ordinal logistic regression analysis. Plos One. 2021;16(4):0249978 Spradley FT, editor.
Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) and ICF. Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey 2019: Final report. Rockville, Maryland, USA: EPHI and ICF; 2021.
Belachew A, Tewabe T. Under-five anemia and its associated factors with dietary diversity, food security, stunted, and deworming in Ethiopia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2020;9(1):31.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE). National Nutrition Programme. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FDRE; 2013-2015; 2013.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. National Food and Nutrition Strategy. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia; 2021.
Ministry of Health (MoH) Ethiopia. Seqota Declaration. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.et/site/am/node/170. Cited 2022 Nov 15
Amaha ND. What factors are associated with the increase of anemia in Ethiopian children aged 6 to 59 months between 2011 and 2016? BMC Nutr. 2020;6(1):43.
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. National Nutrition Program 2016–2020. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: FDRE; 2016.
One WaSH National Program (OWNP) | MINISTRY OF HEALTH – Ethiopia. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.et/site/One_WaSH_National_Program
COWASH. Available from: https://cowash.org/. Cited 2023 Nov 30
Ethiopia WASH Capacity Statement FINAL. Available from: https://www.wvi.org/sites/default/files/2022-10/Ethiopia%20WASH%20Capacity%20Statement%20FINAL_0.pdf
End Open Defecation | UNICEF Ethiopia. 2022. Available from: https://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/reports/end-open-defecation. Cited 2023 Nov 24
MINISTRY OF HEALTH – Ethiopia. National Nutrition Program. Available from: https://www.moh.gov.et/site/initiatives-4-col/Nutrition. Cited 2023 Nov 30
EDHS. Central Statistical Agency (CSA) [Ethiopia] and ICF. 2016. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: CSA and ICF; 2016. p. 2016.
UN-Habitat. Concepts and definitions: SDG Indicator 11.1.1: Proportion of urban population living in slums, informal settlements or inadequate housing. Nairobi, Kenya: UN-Habitat; 2018.
Alemayehu M, Meskele M, Alemayehu B, Yakob B. Prevalence and correlates of anemia among children aged 6–23 months in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Plos One. 2019;14(3): e0206268.
Kebede D, Getaneh F, Endalamaw K, Belay T, Fenta A. Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among under-five age children in Shanan gibe hospital, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(1):542.
Aliyo A, Jibril A. Assessment of anemia and associated risk factors among children under-five years old in the West Guji Zone, southern Ethiopia: Hospital-based cross-sectional study. Plos One. 2022;17(7):e0270853 Boon-Peng H, editor.
Orsango AZ, Habtu W, Lejisa T, Loha E, Lindtjørn B, Engebretsen IMS. Iron deficiency anemia among children aged 2–5 years in southern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. PeerJ. 2021;9:e11649.
Gebreweld A, Ali N, Ali R, Fisha T. Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among children under five years of age attending at Guguftu health center, South Wollo, Northeast Ethiopia. Plos One. 2019;14(7):e0218961 Adu-Afarwuah S, editor.
Anteneh ZA, Van Geertruyden JP. Spatial variations and determinants of anemia among under-five children in Ethiopia, EDHS 2005–2016. Plos One. 2021;16(4): e0249412.
Kuse KA, Jima DS, Chikako TU, Hagan JE, Seidu AA, Aboagye RG, et al. Individual, maternal, household, and community level variability in determining inequalities in childhood anaemia within Ethiopia: four-level multilevel analysis approach. Children. 2022;9(9):1415.
Alamneh TS, Melesse AW, Gelaye KA. Determinants of anemia severity levels among children aged 6–59 months in Ethiopia: Multilevel Bayesian statistical approach. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):4147.
Tesema GA, Tessema ZT, Angaw DA, Tamirat KS, Teshale AB. Geographic weighted regression analysis of hot spots of anemia and its associated factors among children aged 6–59 months in Ethiopia: A geographic weighted regression analysis and multilevel robust Poisson regression analysis. Plos One. 2021;16(11):e0259147 Blachier F, editor.
Tessema ZT, Tesema GA, Ahern S, Earnest A. Bayesian spatio-temporal modelling of child anemia in Ethiopia using conditional autoregressive model. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):20297.
Negussie ST, Nigatu RG. Trends in regional inequalities in childhood anemia in Ethiopia: evidence from the 2005–2016 Ethiopian demographic and health surveys. Discov Soc Sci Health. 2023;3(1):7.
Baranwal A, Baranwal A, Roy N. Association of Household Environment and Prevalence of Anemia Among Children Under-5 in India. Front Public Health. 2014;2. Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00196/abstract. Cited 2023 Apr 10
Yu EX, Addo OY, Williams AM, Engle-Stone R, Ou J, Huang W, et al. Association between anemia and household water source or sanitation in preschool children: the Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020;112:488S-497S.
Larsen DA, Grisham T, Slawsky E, Narine L. An individual-level meta-analysis assessing the impact of community-level sanitation access on child stunting, anemia, and diarrhea: evidence from DHS and MICS surveys. Plos Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(6): e0005591.
Fançony C, Soares Â, Lavinha J, Barros H, Brito M. Effectiveness of Nutrition and WASH/malaria educational community-based interventions in reducing anemia in children from Angola. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):5603.
Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial Team, Humphrey JH, Jones AD, Manges A, Mangwadu G, Maluccio JA, et al. The Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE) Trial: Rationale, Design, and Methods. Clin Infect Dis Off Publ Infect Dis Soc Am. 2015;61(Suppl 7):S685-702.
Stewart CP, Dewey KG, Lin A, Pickering AJ, Byrd KA, Jannat K, et al. Effects of lipid-based nutrient supplements and infant and young child feeding counseling with or without improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) on anemia and micronutrient status: results from 2 cluster-randomized trials in Kenya and Bangladesh. Am J Clin Nutr. 2019;109(1):148–64.
Humphrey JH, Mbuya MNN, Ntozini R, Moulton LH, Stoltzfus RJ, Tavengwa NV, et al. Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(1):e132–47.
EDHS. Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ORC Macro. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2005. Central Statistical Agency/Ethiopia and ORC Macro. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville: CSA and ICF; 2006.
EDHS. Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ICF International. Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Central Statistical Agency and ICF International. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville: CSA and ICF; 2012.
Mahmoud Elkasabi, Ruilin Ren, and Thomas W. Pullum. 2020. Multilevel Modeling Using DHS Surveys: A Framework to Approximate Level-Weights. DHS Methodological Reports No. 27. Rockville, Maryland, USA: ICF. Available from: https://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-mr27-methodological-reports.cfm
Victora CG, Huttly SR, Fuchs SC, Olinto MT. The role of conceptual frameworks in epidemiological analysis: a hierarchical approach. Int J Epidemiol. 1997;26(1):224–7.
Ezeh OK, Abir T, Zainol NR, Al Mamun A, Milton AH, Haque MR, et al. Trends of stunting prevalence and its associated factors among Nigerian children aged 0–59 months residing in the Northern Nigeria, 2008–2018. Nutrients. 2021;13(12):4312.
Sahiledengle B, Petrucka P, Kumie A, Mwanri L, Beressa G, Atlaw D, et al. Association between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: a hierarchical approach. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):1943.
P. Vatcheva K, Lee M. Multicollinearity in Regression Analyses Conducted in Epidemiologic Studies. Epidemiol Open Access. 2016;06(02). Available from: https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/multicollinearity-in-regression-analyses-conducted-in-epidemiologic-studies-2161-1165-1000227.php?aid=69442. Cited 2023 Aug 29
Rogerson PA. Statistical methods for geography: a student’s guide. Statistical methods for geography. London: Sage; 2014.
Midi H, Sarkar S, Rana S. Collinearity diagnostics of binary logistic regression model. J Interdiscip Math. 2010;13:253–67.
Merlo J. A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: using measures of clustering in multilevel logistic regression to investigate contextual phenomena. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(4):290–7.
Mwanri L, Worsley A, Ryan P, Masika J. Supplemental vitamin a improves anemia and growth in anemic school children in Tanzania. J Nutr. 2000;130(11):2691–6.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), United Nations University (UNU) and World Health Organization (WHO): Iron deficiency Anaemia: assessment, prevention, and control. A guide for programme managers. Geneva: UNICEF, UNU and WHO; 2001.
Hasan MdM, Magalhaes RJS, Ahmed S, Pervin S, Tariqujjaman Md, Fatima Y, et al. Geographical variation and temporal trend in anemia among children aged 6–59 months in low- and middle-income countries during 2000–2018: forecasting the 2030 SDG target. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(18):6236–46.
Bharati S, Pal M, Bharati P. Prevalence of anaemia among 6- to 59-month-old children in India: the latest picture through the NFHS-4. J Biosoc Sci. 2020;52(1):97–107.
Sharma S, Acharya BK, Wu Q. Spatial variations and determinants of anemia among under-five children in Nepal, DHS (2006–2016). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14):8664.
Yusuf A, Mamun ASMA, Kamruzzaman MD, Saw A, Abo El-fetoh NM, Lestrel PE, et al. Factors influencing childhood anaemia in Bangladesh: a two level logistic regression analysis. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):213.
Ekholuenetale M, Okonji OC, Nzoputam CI, Barrow A. Inequalities in the prevalence of stunting, anemia and exclusive breastfeeding among African children. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):333.
Gebrie A, Alebel A. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and predictors of anemia among children in Ethiopia. Afr Health Sci. 2020;20(4):2007–21.
Tassew AA, Tekle DY, Belachew AB, Adhena BM. Factors affecting feeding 6–23 months age children according to minimum acceptable diet in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of the Ethiopian demographic health survey. Plos One. 2019;14(2):e0203098.
Engle-Stone R, Aaron GJ, Huang J, Wirth JP, Namaste SM, Williams AM, et al. Predictors of anemia in preschool children: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106:402S-415S.
Crane RJ, Jones KDJ, Berkley JA. Environmental enteric dysfunction: an overview. Food Nutr Bull. 2015;36(1_suppl1):S76-87.
Prevention CC for DC and. CDC – Hookworm – Disease. 2019. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/hookworm/disease.html. Cited 2023 Apr 19
Oliveira D, Ferreira FS, Atouguia J, Fortes F, Guerra A, Centeno-Lima S. Infection by intestinal parasites, stunting and Anemia in school-aged children from Southern Angola. Plos One. 2015;10(9):e0137327 Weber CR, editor.
Brito LL, Barreto ML, Silva RDCR, Assis AMO, Reis MG, Parraga IM, et al. Moderate- and low-intensity co-infections by intestinal helminths and Schistosoma mansoni, dietary iron intake, and anemia in Brazilian children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006;75(5):939–44.
Midzi N, Mtapuri-Zinyowera S, Mapingure MP, Sangweme D, Chirehwa MT, Brouwer KC, et al. Consequences of polyparasitism on anaemia among primary school children in Zimbabwe. Acta Trop. 2010;115(1–2):103–11.
Coffey D, Geruso M, Spears D. Sanitation, disease externalities and anaemia: evidence from Nepal. Econ J. 2018;128(611):1395–432.
Chelkeba L, Mekonnen Z, Alemu Y, Emana D. Epidemiology of intestinal parasitic infections in preschool and school-aged Ethiopian children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):117.
Ngure FM, Reid BM, Humphrey JH, Mbuya MN, Pelto G, Stoltzfus RJ. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: making the links. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2014;1308(1):118–28.
George CM, Burrowes V, Perin J, Oldja L, Biswas S, Sack D, et al. Enteric infections in young children are associated with environmental enteropathy and impaired growth. Trop Med Int Health. 2018;23(1):26–33.
Chiou B, Connor J. Emerging and dynamic biomedical uses of ferritin. Pharmaceuticals. 2018;11(4):124.
Gartner A, Berger J, Bour A, El Ati J, Traissac P, Landais E, et al. Assessment of iron deficiency in the context of the obesity epidemic: importance of correcting serum ferritin concentrations for inflammation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;98(3):821–6.
Nchito M, Wenzel Geissler P, Mubila L, Friis H, Olsen A. Effects of iron and multimicronutrient supplementation on geophagy: a two-by-two factorial study among Zambian schoolchildren in Lusaka. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004;98(4):218–27.
Regassa R, Duguma M, Belachew T, Tamiru D. Environmental enteropathy and anaemia status among under-five children, in slum areas of Jimma Town Ethiopia. Pediatr Health Med Ther. 2023;14:33–43.
Bauleni A, Tiruneh FN, Mwenyenkulu TE, Nkoka O, Chirwa GC, Gowelo S, et al. Effects of deworming medication on anaemia among children aged 6–59 months in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasit Vectors. 2022;15(1):7.
Molla E, Mamo H. Soil-transmitted helminth infections, anemia and undernutrition among schoolchildren in Yirgacheffee, South Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2018;11(1):585.
Kothari MT, Coile A, Huestis A, Pullum T, Garrett D, Engmann C. Exploring associations between water, sanitation, and anemia through 47 nationally representative demographic and health surveys. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2019;1450(1):249–67.
Mutonhodza B, Dembedza MP, Lark MR, Joy EJM, Manzeke-Kangara MG, Njovo H, et al. Anemia in children aged 6–59 months was significantly associated with maternal anemia status in rural Zimbabwe. Food Sci Nutr. 2023;11(3):1232–46.
Adugna DG, Kibret AA, Aragie H, Enyew EF, Dessie G, Melese M, et al. Prevalence and determinants of anemia among children aged from 6 to 59 months in Liberia: a multilevel analysis of the 2019/20 Liberia demographic and health survey data. Front Pediatr. 2023;11:1152083.
Accinelli RA, Leon-Abarca JA. Solid fuel use is associated with anemia in children. Environ Res. 2017;158:431–5.
Mishra V, Retherford RD. Does biofuel smoke contribute to anaemia and stunting in early childhood? Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(1):117–29.
Shenton LM, Jones AD, Wilson ML. Factors associated with anemia status among children aged 6–59 months in Ghana, 2003–2014. Matern Child Health J. 2020;24(4):483–502.
Khan JR, Awan N, Misu F. Determinants of anemia among 6–59 months aged children in Bangladesh: evidence from nationally representative data. BMC Pediatr. 2016;16(1):3.
Nutrition for Health and Development, World Health Organization. Guideline. Daily iron supplementation in infants and children. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2016. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204712/1/9789241549523_eng.pdf
Le HN, Nguyen KV, Phung H, Hoang NTD, Tran DT, Mwanri L. Household dietary diversity among the ethnic minority groups in the Mekong Delta: evidence for the development of public health and nutrition policy in Vietnam. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(2):932.
Onyeneho NG, Ozumba BC, Subramanian SV. Determinants of childhood anemia in India. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):16540.
Al-kassab-CÃ3rdova, Mendez-Guerra, Quevedo-Ramirez, Espinoza, Enriquez-Vera, Robles-Valcarcel. Rural and urban disparities in anemia among Peruvian children aged 6–59 months: a multivariate decomposition and spatial analysis. Rural Remote Health. 2022; Available from: https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/6936. Cited 2023 Apr 21
Tesfaye TS, Tessema F, Jarso H. Prevalence of anemia and associated factors among “apparently healthy” urban and rural residents in Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. J Blood Med. 2020;11:89–96.
Choi HJ, Lee HJ, Jang HB, Park JY, Kang JH, Park KH, et al. Effects of maternal education on diet, anemia, and iron deficiency in Korean school-aged children. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):870.
Mshida HA, Kassim N, Mpolya E, Kimanya M. Water, sanitation, and hygiene practices associated with nutritional status of under-five children in semi-pastoral communities Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98(5):1242–9.
Solar O, Irwin A. A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health. Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper 2 (Policy and Practice). Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241500852. Cited 2023 May 9